Bleeding risk of cerebral cavernous malformations in patients on β-blocker medication: a cohort study Journal of Neurosurgery, Ahead of Print. OBJECTIVECerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are frequently diagnosed vascular malformations of the brain. Although most CCMs are asymptomatic, some can be responsible for intracerebral hemorrhage or seizures. In selected cases, microsurgical resection is the preferred treatment option. Treatment with the unselective β-blocker propranolol has been...