Advances in mathematics are reshaping theories of human cognition, moving beyond classical models of rationality to embrace probabilistic and context-dependent frameworks. The integration of Bayesian inference and quantum cognition offers powerful tools for modelling perception, decision-making, and belief updating, aligning more closely with empirical findings from neuroscience. Emerging hybrid models reveal the mind’s dynamic, adaptive nature, challenging traditional assumptions and opening new pathways for understanding the intricate processes underlying thought, memory, and judgement.